Translated by James Strachey
Published
– Standard Edition SE XIV p67-102 :
– Penguin Freud Library : vol 11 On Metapsychology : p61-97
Freud finished writing this in March 1914
Available
– in pdf form, with footnotes & editor’s introduction : www.LacanianWorksExchange.net /Freud
– in word : www.LacanianWorksExchange.net /Freud
– bilingual at www.Freud2Lacan.com /homepage (On Narcissism: An Introduction prefaced with critical notes about Strachey’s translation)
OR bilingual at www.Freud2Lacan.com /Metaphysical (On Narcissism – An Introduction)
Richard Klein states, ‘See the Freud Metaphysical Paper page for a bi-lingual of this text & my home page for a critique of the Strachey translation’
Referenced by Jacques Lacan
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5th December 1956 : Information at Seminar IV Relation from Object [Relation d’objet] & Freudian Structures (1956-1957) : from 21st November 1956 : Jacques Lacan. See this site /4 Jacques Lacan (19561121),
p10 of Collectives’ translation : It is within this that we discover specifically imaginary functions in certain moments, in certain select articulations,
in certain moments of this evolution, and everything of the pre-genital relation is caught inside this parenthesis, caught in the introduction of the imaginary layer of this dialectic which is at first, essentially, in our vocabulary, a dialectic of the symbolic and the real.
This introduction of the imaginary, which has become so prevalent since, is something which only appeared starting with the article on narcissism [16], … [Footnote [16], Freud, S. (1914). On Narcissism: An Introduction (SE XIV).]
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19th December 1956 : Information at Seminar IV Relation from Object [Relation d’objet] & Freudian Structures (1956-1957) : from 21st November 1956 : Jacques Lacan. See this site /4 Jacques Lacan (19561121),
p5 of Collectives’ translation : There is something quite strange, almost paradoxical, in the original formulations written in Freud’s name on the distinction between the anaclitic relation and the narcissistic relation. In the Oedipus, this libidinal relation… In adolescents, Freud tells us that there are two types of love object: the anaclitic love object which bears the mark of a primitive dependence on the mother; and the narcissistic love object, modelled on an image which is the image of the subject himself, which is the narcissistic image. It is this image which we have tried to elaborate here by showing its roots in the specular relation to the other. The word ‘anaclitic’, even though we owe it to Freud, is really quite badly chosen, for in Greek it really does not have the meaning Freud gives it, which is indicated by the German word Anlehung … relation… a relation of supporting against. This, by the way, lends itself to all sorts of misunderstandings, some readers having pushed this ‘supporting against’ right up to being something which is ultimately a sort of defence reaction. But, let us leave this aside. In fact, if we read Freud we really do see that it is a question of this need for a support and for this something which is effectively just asking to be opened towards a relation of dependency. If we push further, we see that there are strange contradictions in the way Freud formulates the opposition between these two modes of relation, anaclitic and narcissistic.
NOTE This distinction appears in On Narcissism SE XIV (1914).
(There is a footnote the in Three Essays (1905), added in 1915, contrasting the ‘anaclitic’ method of finding an object with the narcissistic one)
On Narcissism (1914) SE XIV p87, P80 pfl, James Strachey’s translation : A third way in which we may approach the study of narcissism is by observing the erotic life of human beings, with its many kinds of differentiation in man and woman. Just as object-libido at first concealed ego-libido from our observation, so too in connection with the object-choice of infants (and of growing children) what we first noticed was that they derived their sexual objects from their experiences of satisfaction. The first auto-erotic sexual satisfactions are experienced in connection with vital functions which serve the purpose of self-preservation. The sexual instincts are at the outset attached to the satisfaction of the ego-instincts; only later do they become independent of these, and even then we have an indication of that original attachment in the fact that the persons who are concerned with a child’s feeding, care, and protection become his earliest sexual objects: that is to say, in the first instance his mother or a substitute for her. Side by side, however, with this type and source of object-choice, which may be called the ‘anaclitic’ or ‘attachment’ type, [James Strachey’s footnote 1] psycho-analytic research has revealed a second type, which we were not prepared for finding. We have discovered, especially clearly in people whose libidinal development has suffered some disturbance, such as perverts and homosexuals, that in their later choice of love-objects they have taken as a model not their mother but their own selves. They are plainly seeking themselves as a love-object, and are exhibiting a type of object-choice which must be termed ‘narcissistic’. In this observation we have the strongest of the reasons which have led us to adopt the hypothesis of narcissism.
We have, however, not concluded that human beings are divided into two sharply differentiated groups, according as their object-choice conforms to the anaclitic or to the narcissistic type; we assume rather that both kinds of object-choice are open to each individual, though he may show a preference for one or the other. We say that a human being has originally two sexual objects – himself and the woman who nurses him – and in doing so we are postulating a primary narcissism in everyone, which may in some cases manifest itself in a dominating fashion in his object-choice.
A comparison of the male and female sexes then shows that there are fundamental differences between them in respect of their type of object-choice, although these differences are of course not universal.
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James Strachey’s Footnote 1 : ‘Anlehnungstypus.‘ Literally, ‘leaning-on type’. The term has been rendered in English as the ‘anaclitic type’ by analogy with the grammatical term ‘enclitic’, used of particles which cannot be the first word in a sentence, but must be appended to, or must lean up against, a more important one, e.g. the Latin ‘enim‘ or the Greek ‘δí’. This seems to be the first published appearance of the actual term ‘Anlehnungstypus‘. The idea that a child arrives at its first sexual object on the basis of its nutritional instinct is to be found in the first edition of the Three Essays (1905d), P.F.L.,7, p144 [See below]; but the two or three explicit mentions in that work of the ‘anaclitic type’ were not added to it until the 1915 edition. The term ‘angelehnte‘ (‘attached’) is used in a similar sense near the beginning of Section III of the Schreber case history (1911c), P.F.L.,9, p198 and footnote 3 [See below], but the underlying hypothesis is not stated there. – It should be noted that the ‘attachment’ (or ‘Anlehnung‘) indicated by the term is that of the sexual instincts to the ego-instincts, not of the child to its mother.]
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From Section [5] The finding of an object : in Essay III Transformations of puberty : from ‘Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality’ : 1905 : Sigmund Freud ; See this site /3 Sigmund Freud (19050101 or Index of Sigmund Freud’s texts). Published bilingual at www.Freud2Lacan.com /homepage (THREE ESSAYS ON SEXUALITY (Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie)) or published pfl Volume 7 On Sexuality : p145 pal Footnote 1 added in 1915 : Psychoanalysis informs us that there are two methods of finding an object. the first, described in the text, is the ‘anaclitic’ or ‘attachment’ one, based on attachment to early infantile prototypes. The second is the narcissistic one, which seeks for the subject’s own ego and finds it again in other people. This latter method is of particularly great importance in cases where the outcome is a pathological one, but it is not relevant to the present context. [James Strachey adds : The point is elaborated in the later part of Section II of Freud’s paper On Narcissism : 1914c]
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From Section III The Mechanism of Paranoia : of Psychoanalytic Notes on an Autobiographical Account of a case of Paranoia (Dementia Paranoides) : 16th December 1910 : Sigmund Freud, SE XII p3-90. See this site /3 Sigmund Freud (19101216) or President Schreber (1 A Lacanian Clinic). Published bilingual, with Richard G. Klein’s notes at www.Freud2Lacan.com / Homepage (The Case of Schreber (Fall von Paranoia)),
p197 of James Strachey’s translation, pfl : Recent investigations [Footnote ¹] have directed our attention to a stage in the development of the libido which it passes through on the way from auto-erotism to object-love. [Footnote 2] This stage has been given the name of narcissism. What happens is this. There comes a time in the development of the individual at which he unifies his sexual instincts (which have hitherto been engaged in auto-erotic activities) in order to obtain a love-object; and he begins by taking himself, his own body, as his love-object, and only subsequently proceeds from this to the choice of some person other than himself as his object. This half-way phase between auto-erotism and object-love may perhaps be indispensable normally; but it appears that many people linger unusually long in this condition, and that many of its features are carried over by them into the later stages of their development. What is of chief importance in the subject’s self thus chosen as a love object may already be the genitals. The line of development then leads on to the choice of an external object with similar genitals – that is, to homosexual object-choice – and thence to heterosexuality. People who are manifest homosexuals in later life have, it may be presumed, never emancipated themselves from the binding condition that the object of their choice must possess genitals like their own; and in this connection the infantile sexual theories which attribute the same kind of genitals to both sexes exert much influence.
After the stage of heterosexual object-choice has been reached, the homosexual tendencies are not, as might be supposed, done away with or brought to a stop; they are merely deflected from their sexual aim and applied to fresh uses. They now combine with portions of the ego-instincts and, as ‘attached’ [Footnote 3] components, help to constitute the social instincts, thus contributing an erotic factor to friendship and comradeship, to esprit de corps and to the love of mankind in general. How large a contribution is in fact derived from erotic sources (with the sexual aim inhibited) could scarcely be guessed from the normal social relations of mankind. But it is not irrelevant to note that it is precisely manifest homosexuals, and among them again precisely those that set themselves against an indulgence in sensual acts, who are distinguished by taking a particularly active share in the general interests of humanity – interests which have themselves sprung from a sublimation of erotic instincts.
Footnote 1 : Sadger (1910) and Freud : Leonardo da Vinci and a Memory of his Childhood : (1910c). [Translated by Alan Tyson, SE XI p57-137 & pfl Vol 14. Published, bilingual, by www.Freud2Lacan.com /Freud/Philosophy (32. Leonardo da Vinci and a Memory of His Childhood (Eine Kindheitserinnerung des Leonardo da Vinci))]
Footnote 2 : Freud, Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905d). [PFL Vol 7, p56n. The passage was added in the second edition, 1910] See this site /3 Sigmund Freud (19050101 or Index of Sigmund Freud’s texts). Published bilingual at www.Freud2Lacan.com /homepage (THREE ESSAYS ON SEXUALITY (Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie))
Footnote 3, p198 pfl : James Strachey writes : In his paper ‘On Narcissism’ : 1914c, written some three years after the present paper, Freud explained his view that ‘the sexual instincts are at the outset attached to the satisfaction of the ego-instincts’. From this he derived his ‘attachment’ or ‘anaclitic’ type’ of object-choice
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True Psychoanalysis, and False : June 1958 : Jacques Lacan, see this site /4 Jacques Lacan (19580601) Quote, translated by Adrian Price, ‘This imaginary lure wherein Freud locates the Ego, as of 1914, in “On Narcissism : An Introduction”, and whose proper dimensions I wanted to restore at the start of my career under the heading of the mirror-stage, …’
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13th January 1960 : Information Seminar VII Ethics (1959-1960) : from 18th November 1959 : Jacques Lacan, See this site /4 Jacques Lacan (19591118 or Index of Jacques Lacan’s texts)
P95 of Dennis Porter’s translation, , That means that right away, at a moment when things cannot yet be articulated powerfully, for want of that component of his topic he will produce later, he introduces the notion of reaction formation. In other words, he illustrates a given character trait, a trait acquired through social regulation, as something which, far from occurring as a direct consequence or as in line with a specific instinctual satisfaction, necessitates the construction of a system of defences that is, for example, antagonistic to the anal drive. He, therefore, introduces the idea of an opposition, an antinomy, as fundamental in the construction of the sublimation of an instinct. He thus introduces the problem of a contradiction in his own formulation.
Thus, that which is presented as a construction in opposition to an instinctual tendency can in no way be reduced to a direct satisfaction in which the drive itself would be saturated in a way that would have no other characteristic than that it succeeds in receiving the seal of collective approval.In truth, the problem Freud raises relative to sublimation only comes fully to light at the time of his second topic. We will have to approach that from Zur Einführung des Narzissmus (“On Narcissism: An Introduction”)? a work that is not only the introduction to narcissism, but also the introduction to the second topic.
In this text that our friend Jean Laplanche has translated for the Society and that you should look up in the Gesammelte Werke, Volume X, pages 161- 1623, you will find the following comment: “What we have to seek is that which now presents itself to us concerning the relations of this formulation of the ideal to sublimation. Sublimation is a process that concerns object libido.”
SE XIV p94 : We are naturally led to examine the relation between this forming of an ideal and sublimation. Sublimation is a process that concerns object-libido and consists in the instinct’s directing itself towards an aim other than, and remote from, that of sexual satisfaction; in this process the accent falls upon deflection from sexuality. Idealization is a process that concerns the object; by it that object, without any alteration in its nature, is aggrandized and exalted in the subject’s mind. Idealization is possible in the sphere of ego-libido as well as in that of object-libido.
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– Interview, The Psychoanalyst’s Point of View, “Neuroses and Psychoses – Where Does Abnormal Begin?” : Published on 13th May 1968 : Jacques Lacan. See this site /4 Jacques Lacan (19680513) The reference is in the Notes.
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Citations
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-Jouissance in the cure (Comments on La Troisième) : December 1997 (probably San Francisco, USA) : André Patsalides. See this site /5 Other Authors A-Z (Patsalides or Index of Other Authors’ texts).
Footnote 29 – Patsalides … is the jouissance of life. The best idea we could have of this jouissance of a body closed on itself, enjoying itself, is the jouissance of the animal. Both Lacan and Freud have proposed the cat – the self-enclosed and purring jouissance of the cat – as a paradigm of this jouissance.
SE XIV p89 – Women, especially if they grow up with good looks, develop a certain self-contentment which compensates them for the social restrictions that are imposed upon them in their choice of object. Strictly speaking, it is only themselves that such women love with an intensity comparable to that of the man’s love for them. Nor does their need lie in the direction of loving, but of being loved; and the man who fulfils this condition is the one who finds favour with them. The importance of this type of woman for the erotic life of mankind is to be rated very high. Such women have the greatest fascination for men, not only for aesthetic reasons, since as a rule they are the most beautiful, but also because of a combination of interesting psychological factors. For it seems very evident that another person’s narcissism has a great attraction for those who have renounced part of their own narcissism and are in search of object-love. The charm of a child lies to a great extent in his narcissism, his self-contentment and inaccessibility, just as does the charm of certain animals which seem not to concern themselves about us, such as cats and the large beasts of prey. Indeed, even great criminals and humourists, as they are represented in literature, compel our interest by the narcissistic consistency with which they manage to keep away from their ego anything that would diminish it. It is as if we envied them for maintaining a blissful state of mind – an unassailable libidinal position which we ourselves have since abandoned. The great charm of narcissistic women has, however, its reverse side; a large part of the lover’s dissatisfaction, of his doubts of the woman’s love, of his complaints of her enigmatic nature, has its root in this incongruity between the types of object-choice.
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– The Seminar of Barcelona on Die Wege der Symptombildung : probably Autumn 1996 : Jacques-Alain Miller. See this site /5 Other Authos A-Z (Miller or Index of other Authors’ texts)
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-The Body in the Teaching of Jacques Lacan : May 1984 : Colette Soler. See this site /5 Other Authors A-Z (Soler or Index of other Authors’ texts)
p22 – Soler : Freud, too, dreamed of a jouissance that would not be encroached upon by the signifier. Just look at the passage in his text “On Narcissism, an introduction”, the short and very amusing passage where he sets up a series: the child, the cat and the woman, or rather certain types of women, not woman in general. : Translated by James Strachey SE XIV p88-90 – see above : This sexual overvaluation is the origin of the peculiar state of being in love, a state suggestive of a neurotic compulsion, which is thus traceable to an impoverishment of the ego as regards libido in favour of the love-object. [p88 Footnote 1 Freud returned to this in a discussion of being in love in Chapter VIII of his Mass (mistranslated as Group) Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego : 1921 [1922] : Sigmund Freud, SE XVIII p69-143. [ Massenpsychologie und Ich-analyse] See this site /3 Sigmund Freud (1921 or Index of Sigmund Freud’s texts) Published bilingual at www.Freud2Lacan.com /Freud: The Metapsychological Papers, Papers on Technique and others
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– Lacan and the Discourse of the Other : 1968 : Anthony Wilden. See this site /5 Other Authors A-Z (Wilden or Index of other Authors’ texts)
p168 quotes SEXIV p67 & p169 quotes SE XIV p77 : Quote from p77 of Wilden : The value of the concepts ‘ego-libido’ and ‘object-libido’ lies in the fact that they are derived from the study of the intimate characteristics of neurotic and psychotic processes. A Differentiation of libido into a kind which is proper to the ego and one which is attached to objects is an unavoidable corollary to an original hypothesis which distinguished between sexual instincts [drive] and ego-instincts [drives].
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– Editor’s Introduction (Psycho-Analytic Notes on an autobiographical account of a case of paranoia (Dementia Paranoides) [Case of Schreber] : 1958 : James Strachey. See this site /5 Other Authors A-Z (Strachey or Index of other Authors’ texts)
Quote from Strachey, SE XII p3 : A number of subjects are touched upon which, were to be discussed afterwards at greater length. Thus, the remarks on narcissism (SE XII p60f.) were preliminary to the paper devoted to that subject (1914c),
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– The Psychology of Women in Relation to the Functions of Reproduction : April 1924 [1925] (Salzburg) : Helene Deutsch. See this site /5 Other Authors A-Z (Deutsch or Index of other Authors’ texts).
P415-416 of Deutsch, We have seen that the introjected object takes the place of the ego-ideal in the restored unity of the ego. When projected into the outside world it retains this character, for it continues to embody the subject’s own unattained ideals This is the psychological path by which, as Freud [8] recognised, women attain from narcissism to full object-love. [8] On Narcissism – an Introduction, Freud, Collected Papers, Vol IV
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– The First Pregenital Stage of the Libido : 1916 : Karl Abraham. See this site /5 Other Authors A-Z (Abraham or Index of other Authors’ texts)
P276 of Abraham, I refer the reader to Freud’s discussion of the psychogenesis of hypochondria. According to him this affection is based on a regression to narcissism; in other words, to one of the early stages of the libido. (Cf. Freud, ‘ On Narcissism: an Introduction’ (1914).
SE XIV p83 : Hypochondria, like organic disease, manifests itself in distressing and painful bodily sensations, and it has the same effect as organic disease on the distribution of libido. The hypochondriac withdraws both interest and libido – the latter specially markedly – from the objects of the externa world and concentrates both of them upon the organ that is engaging his attention. A difference between hypochondria and organic disease now becomes evident: in the latter, the distressing sensations are based upon demonstrable [organic] changes; in the former, this is not so. But it would be entirely in keep in with our general conception of the processes of neurosis if we decided to say hypochondria must be right: organic changes must be supposed to be present in it, too.
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-Quote from Notes to ‘The Project’ See The Project (Entwurf) for a Scientific Psychology : 23rd & 25th September & 5th October 1895 : Sigmund Freud on this site /3 Sigmund Freud (18950923 or Index of Sigmund Freud’s texts)
Chapter Two: The Mirror Stage 1936, p49 of Content & Introduction of ‘The works of Jacques Lacan – an introduction’ : 1986 : Bice Benvenuto & Roger Kennedy. See this site /Other Authors A-Z (Benvenuto or Index of other Authors’ texts). A unified ego is not present from birth but has to be developed. There are, though, auto-erotic drives which take place without any overall organization The infant obtains satisfaction from his own body without the need of an external object, e.g., in thumb-sucking. For the ego to be formed, a ‘new psychical action’ (eine neue psychische Aktion) has to take place in order to bring about the stage of narcissism (SE XIV p77) {or p69 of Sigmund Freud: On narcissism, an introduction (1914): Penguin Freud Library, vol 11, On Metapsychology: translation James Strachey : The stage of narcissism occurs between auto-eroticism and the relationship with an external human object, when the individual’s own body is taken as his love object.
SE XIV p76-77 : Before going any further I must touch on two questions which lead us to the heart of the difficulties of our subject. In the first place, what is the relation of the narcissism of which wer are now speaking to auto-erotism, which we have described as an early state of the libido? [4] [4. James Strachey’s footnote, See the second of Freud’s Three Essays (1905d), SE VII -181-183] Secondly, if we grant the ego a primary cathexis of libido, why is there any necessity for further distinguishing a sexual libido from a non-sexual energy of the ego-instincts? Would not the postulation of a single kind of psychical energy save us all the difficulties of differentiating an energy of the ego-instincts from ego-libido, and ego-libido from object-libido?[5] [5 Cf. a remark on this passage in the Editor’s Note to Instincts and their Vicissitudes 1915c, SE XIV p115 (See this site /3 Sigmund Freud (19150101 or Index of Sigmund Freud’s texts). Published bilingual at www.Freud2Lacan.com / Freud: The Metapsychological Papers, Papers on Technique and others (6. Instincts and Their Vicissitudes)]
As regards the first question, I may point out that we are bound to suppose that a unity comparable to the ego cannot exist in the individual from the start; the ego has to be developed. The Auto-Erotic instincts, however, are there from the very first; So there must be something added to auto-erotism – a new psychical action – in order to bring about narcissism.
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– Bemerkungen über Sublimierung (Observations on Sublimation) : 1922 : Siegfried Bernfeld
P333 Bernfelt : Welche Auskunft vermag uns die Psychoanalyse gegenwärtig zu geben? Sublimierung ist eines jener Schicksale, die der Sexual- trieb bei äußerer oder innerer Versagung seines Zieles erfahren muß[1]. Und zwar vollzieht sich dieses spezifische Schidsal an der Objektlibido[2], From internet translation :
What information can psychoanalysis currently give us? Sublimation is one of those fates that the sexual instinct must experience when it fails to achieve its goal, either externally or internally.[1] This specific fate takes place on the object libido[2], Footnotes [1] Einführung des Narzißmus, S:102/103.[2] Freud: Einführung des Narzißmus, S . 102/103.
P333-334 Bernfelt Die Sublimierung ist also eine Zielablenkung des Triebes, »deren Einleitung vom Idealich ausgeht, deren Durchführung aber durchaus unabhängig von solcher Anregung bleibt«[1]. Footnote [1] 1 Freud: Binführung des Narzißmus, S. 102/103. Internet translation, Sublimation is therefore a goal distraction of the drive, “the initiation of which emanates from the ideal, but the implementation of which remains completely independent of such stimulation”
Possibly SE XIV p94-95 : As always where the libido is concerned, man has here again shown himself incapable of giving up a satisfaction he had once enjoyed. He is not willing to forgo the narcissistic perfection of his childhood; and when, as he grows up, he is disturbed by the admonitions of others and by the awakening of his own critical judgement, so that he can no longer retain that perfection, he seeks to recover it in the new form of an ego ideal. What he projects before him as his ideal is the substitute for the lost narcissism of his childhood in which he was his own ideal.
We are naturally led to examine the relation between this forming of an ideal and sublimation. Sublimation is a process that concerns object-libido and consists in the instinct’s directing itself towards an aim other than, and remote from, that of sexual satisfaction; in this process the accent falls upon deflection from sexuality. Idealization is a process that concerns the object; by it that object, without any alteration in its nature, is aggrandized and exalted in the subject’s mind. Idealization is possible in the sphere of ego-libido as well as in that of object-libido. For example, the sexual overvaluation of an object is an idealization of it. In so far as sublimation describes something that has to do with the instinct and idealization something to do with the object, the two concepts are to be distinguished from each other.[3] [3 Strachey : Freud recurs to the topic of idealization in chapter VIII of his Mass Psychology (1921c), SE XVIII p122 f.]
The formation of an ego ideal is often confused with the sublimation of instinct, to the detriment of our understanding of the facts. A man who has exchanged his narcissism for homage to a high ego ideal has not necessarily on that account succeeded in sublimating his libidinal instincts. It is true that the ego ideal demands such sublimation, but it cannot enforce it; sublimation remains a special process which may be prompted by the ideal but the execution of which is entirely independent of any such prompting. It is precisely in neurotics that we find the highest differences of potential between the development of their ego ideal and the amount of sublimation of their primitive libidinal instincts; and in general it is far harder to convince an idealist of the inexpedient location of his libido than a plain man whose pretensions have remained more moderate. Further, the formation of an ego ideal and sublimation are quite differently related to the causation of neurosis. As we have learnt, the formation of an ideal heightens the demands of the ego and is the most powerful factor favouring repression; sublimation is a way out, a way by which those demands can be met without involving repression.[1] [Strachey 1. The possible connection between sublimation and the transformation of sexual object-libido into narcissistic libido is discussed by Freud towards the beginning of Chapter III of The Ego and the Id (1923b). SE XIX p12-63, See this site /3 Sigmund Freud (24th April 1923 or Index of Sigmund Freud’s texts). Published bilingual at www.Freud2Lacan.com / Freud/Philosophy (28. THE EGO AND THE ID (Das Ich und das Es))]
Possibly SE XIV p102 : . The frequent causation of paranoia by an injury to the ego, by a frustration of satisfaction within the sphere of the ego ideal, is thus made more intelligible, as is the convergence of ideal-formation and sublimation in the ego ideal, as well as the involution of sublimations and the possible transformation of ideals in paraphrenic disorders.
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